Карта — озеро Онтарио

Referencesedit

^
^
^ , p. 64.
Wilcox, D.A, Thompson, T.A., Booth, R.K., and Nicholas, J.R.. 2007. Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1311, 25 p.
Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 2.
^ Christie, W. J. (1974). Changes in the fish species composition of the Great Lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 31, 827–54.
Maynard, L., and Wilcox, D.A., 1997, Coastal wetlands of the Great Lakes—State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference 1996 background paper: Environment Canada and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 905–R–97–015b, 99 p.
Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.497 p.
, p. 10.
Snider, Charles Henry Jeremiah, Townsend, Robert B. Tales from the Great Lakes. Toronto: Dundurn Press Limited, 1995, pp. 25.
Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. Chapters 1 and 2.
Wilcox, D.A, Thompson, T.A., Booth, R.K., and Nicholas, J.R. 2007. Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1311.Box 4
Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd edition). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p.
Moore, D. R. J. and Keddy, P. A. (1989). The relationship between species richness and standing crop in wetlands: the importance of scale. Vegetation, 79, 99–106.
Williams, M. 1989. Americans and Their Forests: A Historical Geography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keddy, C.J. 1993. Forest History of Eastern Ontario. A report prepared for the Eastern Ontario Forest Group.
Environment Canada. 2004. How Much Habitat is Enough? A Framework for Guiding Habitat Rehabilitation in Great Lakes Areas of Concern. 2nd ed. 81 p.
Keddy, P.A. and C. G. Drummond. 1996. Ecological properties for the evaluation, management, and restoration of temperate deciduous forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications 6: 748–762.
^ Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1972. Freshwater Fisheries of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Department of the Environment, Ottawa. p. 88.
Vallentyne, J. R. (1974). The Algal Bowl: Lakes and Man, Miscellaneous Special Publication No. 22. Ottawa, ON: Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service.
Kingston Chronicle, January 30, 1830, 2, col. 6 («For several years past we have not been visited with so much snow as has fallen here within the last fortnight. The storm of Wednesday and yesterday could only be equalled by such visitations as are familiar to our Lower Canada friends. The thermometer has ranged from 10° below, to 20° above 0, for the last ten days. The Lake is firmly frozen, and a cheap and safe style of travelling has revived the intercourse with our brethren of the independent portion of the world»); Republican Compiler , February 23, 1830, p. 2, col. 5 («At Kingston, Upper Canada, the quantity of snow which had fallen had not been equalled for several years.—The Lake (Ontario) was frozen, and crossing had become general»); Perry, Kenneth A, The Fitch Gazetteer: An Annotated Index to the Manuscript History of Washington County, New York, 4 vols. (Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 1999), 4:565 («Kingston, Upper Canada, the deepset [sic] snow in several yrs., & Lake Ontario frozen over»); Kingston Chronicle , January 9, 1830, 2, col. 1 («the Bay was frozen across this morning»); see also Vermont Chronicle, (Bellows Falls, Vt.) Friday, February 19, 1830, p. 31, col D, quoting the Quebec Gazette: «The Lake (Ontario) was frozen, and crossing had become general.»
^ .
The Morning Post (London, England), Saturday, July 25, 1835; p. 6 «Sea Serpent in Lake Ontario»
Glasgow Herald (Glasgow, Scotland), Friday, June 28, 1867 «Another Sea Serpent Sensation: A hideous monster discovered in Lake Ontario»
Pinkwater, Daniel. The Monster of Lake Ontario. New York: Houghton Mifflin Publishing, 2010, pp. 46–47.
^
Author unknown (1972). The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. Bi-national (U.S. and Canadian) resource book.

Bibliographyedit

Smith, Donald B. (1987). Sacred Feather. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6732-8.
Wright, John W., ed. (2006). (2007 ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-303820-6.

Литература

Бестон Г. Река Св. Лаврентия = The St.Lawrence / Генри Бестон; Пер. с англ. В. Н. Кондракова (печат. с некот. сокращ.); Предисл., послесл., примеч. и коммент. А. И. Черкасова; Худ. Н. И. Калинин. — М.: , 1985. — 216 с. — 100 000 экз.
Семь рек Канады = Seven rivers of Canada. Toronto, 1961 / Хью Макленнан; Пер. с англ. В. Н. Кондракова; Под ред. и с предисл. А. И. Черкасова; Ред. Т. А. Ольсевич; Худ. Е. А. Антоненков. — М.: , 1990. — 288 с. — 50 000 экз. — ISBN 5-01-002050-5.
Smith, Donald B. Sacred Feather. — University of Toronto Press, 1987.
The New York Times Almanac. — 2007. — New York, New York : Penguin Books, 2006. — ISBN 0-14-303820-6.
// : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.

Муфлон

References

^
^
^ , p. 64.
Wilcox, D.A, Thompson, T.A., Booth, R.K., and Nicholas, J.R.. 2007. Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1311, 25 p.
Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd ion). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. Chapter 2.
^ Christie, W. J. (1974). Changes in the fish species composition of the Great Lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 31, 827вЂ“54.
Maynard, L., and Wilcox, D.A., 1997, Coastal wetlands of the Great LakesвЂ”State of the Lakes Ecosystem Conference 1996 background paper: Environment Canada and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA 905вЂ“RвЂ“97вЂ“015b, 99 p.
Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd ion). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.497 p.
, p. 10.
Snider, Charles Henry Jeremiah, Townsend, Robert B. Tales from the Great Lakes. Toronto: Dundurn Press Limited, 1995, pp. 25.
Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd ion). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p. Chapters 1 and 2.
Wilcox, D.A, Thompson, T.A., Booth, R.K., and Nicholas, J.R. 2007. Lake-level variability and water availability in the Great Lakes. U.S. Geological Survey Circular 1311.Box 4
Keddy, P.A. 2010. Wetland Ecology: Principles and Conservation (2nd ion). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK. 497 p.
Moore, D. R. J. and Keddy, P. A. (1989). The relationship between species richness and standing crop in wetlands: the importance of scale. Vegetation, 79, 99вЂ“106.
Williams, M. 1989. Americans and Their Forests: A Historical Geography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Keddy, C.J. 1993. Forest History of Eastern Ontario. A report prepared for the Eastern Ontario Forest Group.
Environment Canada. 2004. How Much Habitat is Enough? A Framework for Guiding Habitat Rehabilitation in Great Lakes Areas of Concern. 2nd ed. 81 p.
Keddy, P.A. and C. G. Drummond. 1996. Ecological properties for the evaluation, management, and restoration of temperate deciduous forest ecosystems. Ecological Applications 6: 748вЂ“762.
^ Scott, W.B. and E.J. Crossman. 1972. Freshwater Fisheries of Canada. Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Department of the Environment, Ottawa. p. 88.
Vallentyne, J. R. (1974). The Algal Bowl: Lakes and Man, Miscellaneous Special Publication No. 22. Ottawa, ON: Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service.
Kingston Chronicle, January 30, 1830, 2, col. 6 («For several years past we have not been visited with so much snow as has fallen here within the last fortnight. The storm of Wednesday and yesterday could only be equalled by such visitations as are familiar to our Lower Canada friends. The thermometer has ranged from 10В° below, to 20В° above 0, for the last ten days. The Lake is firmly frozen, and a cheap and safe style of travelling has revived the intercourse with our brethren of the independent portion of the world»); Republican Compiler , February 23, 1830, p. 2, col. 5 («At Kingston, Upper Canada, the quantity of snow which had fallen had not been equalled for several years.вЂ”The Lake (Ontario) was frozen, and crossing had become general»); Perry, Kenneth A, The Fitch Gazetteer: An Annotated Index to the Manuscript History of Washington County, New York, 4 vols. (Bowie, Md.: Heritage Books, 1999), 4:565 («Kingston, Upper Canada, the deepset [sic] snow in several yrs., & Lake Ontario frozen over»); Kingston Chronicle , January 9, 1830, 2, col. 1 («the Bay was frozen across this morning»); see also Vermont Chronicle, (Bellows Falls, Vt.) Friday, February 19, 1830, p. 31, col D, quoting the Quebec Gazette: «The Lake (Ontario) was frozen, and crossing had become general.»
^ .
The Morning Post (London, England), Saturday, July 25, 1835; p. 6 «Sea Serpent in Lake Ontario»
Glasgow Herald (Glasgow, Scotland), Friday, June 28, 1867 «Another Sea Serpent Sensation: A hideous monster discovered in Lake Ontario»
Pinkwater, Daniel. The Monster of Lake Ontario. New York: Houghton Mifflin Publishing, 2010, pp. 46вЂ“47.
^
Author unknown (1972). The Great Lakes: An Environmental Atlas and Resource Book. Bi-national (U.S. and Canadian) resource book.

Bibliography

Smith, Donald B. (1987). Sacred Feather. University of Toronto Press. ISBN 0-8020-6732-8.
Wright, John W., ed. (2006). (2007 ed.). New York, New York: Penguin Books. ISBN 0-14-303820-6.

Дальневосточная жерлянка

Transportation

Гусь гуменник

Red Lake is located at the northern terminus of Highway 105, and is the northernmost town in Ontario that is located on a primary King’s Highway. A short spur route, Highway 125, extends northerly from Highway 105 to the communities of Balmertown, Cochenour and McKenzie Island, while Highway 618 extends westerly from Highway 105 to the communities of Madsen and Starratt-Olsen. Only one highway in the province, the secondary Highway 599, extends further north than the terminus of Highway 125.

The town acts as a cargo, passenger and tourism hub for Northwestern Ontario. With Pickle Lake, Red Lake services over twenty northern fly-in communities. Today, Red Lake Airport is a «mini-hub» facilitating travel to and from all northern communities in Northwestern Ontario. Four airway companies take advantage of Red Lake’s close proximity to the northern communities. North Star Air, Bearskin Airlines, Superior Airways, and Wasaya Airways all operate out of «YRL».

Settlements

Winter scene on Toronto Bay in 1835

Marina in Port Dalhousie, Ontario

Victoria Beach, Cobourg, Ontario

A large conurbation called the Golden Horseshoe occupies the lake’s westernmost shores, anchored by the cities of Toronto and Hamilton. Ports on the Canadian side include St. Catharines, Oshawa, Cobourg and Kingston, near the St. Lawrence River outlet. Close to 9 million people or over a quarter of Canada’s population lives within the watershed of Lake Ontario. The American shore is largely rural, with the exception of Rochester and the much smaller ports at Oswego and Sackets Harbor. The city of Syracuse is 40 miles (64 km) inland, connected to the lake by the New York State Canal System. Over 2 million people live in Lake Ontario’s American watershed.

A high-speed passenger/vehicle ferry, the Spirit of Ontario I, operated between Toronto and Rochester from June 17, 2004, to January 10, 2006, when the service was cancelled. The Crystal Lynn II, out of Irondequoit, New York, has been operating between Irondequoit Bay and Henderson, New York since May 2000, operated by Capt. Bob Tein.

Ontario, Canada

Toronto
Mississauga
Hamilton
Burlington
Oshawa
Kingston
Whitby
Stoney Creek
Grimsby
Oakville
St. Catharines
Port Hope
Cobourg
Brighton
Pickering
Ajax
Bowmanville
Belleville
Trenton
Niagara-on-the-Lake

New York, United States

Rochester
Greece
Irondequoit
Webster
Oswego
Fair Haven
Sackets Harbor
Cape Vincent
Three Mile Bay
Wilson
Chaumont

Ocean and lake navigation

Fishing at Pierhead Light in Oswego, New York, c. 1900. Fort Ontario behind.

Olcott Light, Olcott, New York

Sodus Point Light, Sodus Point, New York

The Great Lakes Waterway connects the lake sidestream to the Atlantic Ocean via the St. Lawrence Seaway, and upstream to the other rivers in the chain via the Welland Canal and to Lake Erie. The Trent-Severn Waterway for pleasure boats connects Lake Ontario at the Bay of Quinte to Georgian Bay (Lake Huron), via Lake Simcoe. The Oswego Canal connects the lake at Oswego to the New York State Canal System, with outlets to the Hudson River, Lake Erie, and Lake Champlain.

The Rideau Canal, also for pleasure boats, connects Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Ontario.

Lighthouses

Beach Canal Lighthouse
Braddock Point Light
Charlotte-Genesee Lighthouse
Gibraltar Point Lighthouse
Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Light
Presqu’ile Lighthouse
Selkirk Lighthouse
Sodus Point Light
Stony Point Light
Thirty Mile Point Light

Islands

Nearly all of Lake Ontario’s islands are on the eastern and north-eastern shores, between the Prince Edward County headland and the lake’s outlet at Kingston. The Toronto Islands on the north-western shore are the remnants of a sand spit formed by coastal erosion, whereas the mostly larger eastern islands are underlain by the basement rock found throughout the region. The largest island is Wolfe Island, at the east end of the lake. It is accessible by ferry from both Canada and the U.S.

Toronto Islands
Wolfe Island
Association Island
Galloo Island вЂ“ and nearby Little Galloo Island, Calf Island, and Stony Island
Amherst Island
Simcoe Island
Garden Island
Grenadier Island
Waupoos Island
Nicholson Island
Big Island

Geology

Lake Ontario bathymetric map. The deepest point is marked with «Г—».

The lake basin was carved out of soft, weak Silurian-age rocks by the Wisconsin ice sheet during the last ice age. The action of the ice occurred along the pre-glacial Ontarian River valley which had approximately the same orientation as today’s basin. Material that was pushed southward by the ice sheet left landforms such as drumlins, kames, and moraines, both on the modern land surface and the lake bottom, reorganizing the region’s entire drainage system. As the ice sheet retreated toward the north, it still dammed the St. Lawrence valley outlet, so the lake surface was at a higher level. This stage is known as Lake Iroquois. During that time the lake drained through present-day Syracuse, New York into the Mohawk River, thence to the Hudson River and the Atlantic. The shoreline created during this stage can be easily recognized by the (now dry) beaches and wave-cut hills 10 to 25 miles (15 to 40 km) from the present shoreline.

When the ice finally receded from the St. Lawrence valley, the outlet was below sea level, and for a short time the lake became a bay of the Atlantic Ocean, in association with the Champlain Sea. Gradually the land rebounded from the release of the weight of about 6,500 feet (2,000 m) of ice that had been stacked on it. It is still rebounding about 12 inches (30 cm) per century in the St. Lawrence area. Since the ice receded from the area last, the most rapid rebound still occurs there. This means the lake bed is gradually tilting southward, inundating the south shore and turning river valleys into bays. Both north and south shores experience shoreline erosion, but the tilting amplifies this effect on the south shore, causing loss to property owners.

Geographyedit

Lake Ontario Basin

View from Fort Ontario, Oswego, New York

Historic cannon at Fort Niagara; Toronto across the lake

Lake Ontario is the easternmost of the Great Lakes and the smallest in surface area (7,340 sq mi, 18,960 km2), although it exceeds Lake Erie in volume (393 cu mi, 1,639 km3). It is the 13th largest lake in the world. When its islands are included, the lake’s shoreline is 712 miles (1,146 km) long. As the last lake in the Great Lakes’ hydrologic chain, Lake Ontario has the lowest mean surface elevation of the lakes at 243 feet (74 m) above sea level; 326 feet (99 m) lower than its neighbor upstream. Its maximum length is 193 statute miles (311 kilometres; 168 nautical miles) and its maximum width is 53 statute miles (85 km; 46 nmi). The lake’s average depth is 47 fathoms 1 foot (283 ft; 86 m), with a maximum depth of 133 fathoms 4 feet (802 ft; 244 m). The lake’s primary source is the Niagara River, draining Lake Erie, with the St. Lawrence River serving as the outlet. The drainage basin covers 24,720 square miles (64,030 km2). As with all the Great Lakes, water levels change both within the year (owing to seasonal changes in water input) and among years (owing to longer term trends in precipitation). These water level fluctuations are an integral part of lake ecology, and produce and maintain extensive wetlands. The lake also has an important freshwater fishery, although it has been negatively affected by factors including over-fishing, water pollution and invasive species.

Baymouth bars built by prevailing winds and currents have created a significant number of lagoons and sheltered harbors, mostly near (but not limited to) Prince Edward County, Ontario and the easternmost shores. Perhaps the best-known example is Toronto Bay, chosen as the site of the Upper Canada (Ontario) capital for its strategic harbour. Other prominent examples include Hamilton Harbour, Irondequoit Bay, Presqu’ile Bay, and Sodus Bay. The bars themselves are the sites of long beaches, such as Sandbanks Provincial Park and Sandy Island Beach State Park. These sand bars are often associated with large wetlands, which support large numbers of plant and animal species, as well as providing important rest areas for migratory birds. Presqu’ile, on the north shore of Lake Ontario, is particularly significant in this regard. One unique feature of the lake is the Z-shaped Bay of Quinte which separates Prince Edward County from the Ontario mainland, save for a 2-mile (3.2 km) isthmus near Trenton; this feature also supports many wetlands and aquatic plants, as well as associated fisheries.

Major rivers draining into Lake Ontario include the Niagara River, Don River, Humber River, Trent River, Cataraqui River, Genesee River, Oswego River, Black River, Little Salmon River, and the Salmon River.

Settlementsedit

Winter scene on Toronto Bay in 1835

Marina in Port Dalhousie, Ontario

Victoria Beach, Cobourg, Ontario

Ontario, Canada

Toronto
Mississauga
Hamilton
Burlington
Oshawa
Kingston
Whitby
Stoney Creek
Grimsby
Oakville
St. Catharines
Port Hope
Cobourg
Brighton
Pickering
Ajax
Bowmanville
Belleville
Trenton
Niagara-on-the-Lake

New York, United States

Rochester
Greece
Irondequoit
Webster
Oswego
Fair Haven
Sackets Harbor
Cape Vincent
Three Mile Bay
Wilson
Chaumont

Ocean and lake navigationedit

Fishing at Pierhead Light in Oswego, New York, c. 1900. Fort Ontario behind.

Olcott Light, Olcott, New York

Sodus Point Light, Sodus Point, New York

The Rideau Canal, also for pleasure boats, connects Lake Ontario at Kingston to the Ottawa River in downtown Ottawa, Ontario.

Lighthousesedit

Beach Canal Lighthouse
Braddock Point Light
Charlotte-Genesee Lighthouse
Gibraltar Point Lighthouse
Oswego Harbor West Pierhead Light
Presqu’ile Lighthouse
Selkirk Lighthouse
Sodus Point Light
Stony Point Light
Thirty Mile Point Light

Islandsedit

Toronto Islands
Wolfe Island
Association Island
Galloo Island – and nearby Little Galloo Island, Calf Island, and Stony Island
Amherst Island
Simcoe Island
Garden Island
Grenadier Island
Waupoos Island
Nicholson Island
Big Island

History

Map of Lac de Frontenac (now Lake Ontario), showing Teiaiagon and Lac Taronto (now Lake Simcoe).

The name Ontario is derived from the Huron word Ontarí’io, which means «great lake». The lake was a border between the Huron people and the Iroquois Confederacy in the pre-Columbian era. In the 1600s, the Iroquois drove out the Huron from southern Ontario and settled the northern shores of Lake Ontario. When the Iroquois withdrew and the Anishnabeg / Ojibwa / Mississaugas moved in from the north to southern Ontario, they retained the Iroquois name.

It is believed the first European to reach the lake was Étienne Brûlé in 1615. As was their practice, the French explorers introduced other names for the lake. In 1632 and 1656, the lake was referred to as Lac de St. Louis or Lake St. Louis by Samuel de Champlain and cartographer Nicolas Sanson respectively (likely for Louis XIV of France) In 1660 Jesuit historian Francis Creuxius coined the name Lacus Ontarius. In a map drawn in the Relation des Jésuites (1662–1663), the lake bears the legend «Lac Ontario ou des Iroquois» with the name «Ondiara» in smaller type. A French map produced in 1712 (currently in the Canadian Museum of History), created by military engineer Jean-Baptiste de Couagne, identified Lake Ontario as «Lac Frontenac» named after Louis de Buade, Comte de Frontenac et de Palluau. He was a French soldier, courtier, and Governor General of New France from 1672 to 1682 and from 1689 to his death in 1698.

Artifacts which are believed to be of Norse origin have been found in the area of Sodus Bay, indicating the possibility of trading by the indigenous peoples with Norse explorers on the east coast of North America.

A series of trading posts were established by both the British and French, such as Fort Frontenac (Kingston) in 1673, Fort Oswego in 1722, Fort Rouillé (Toronto) in 1750. After the French and Indian War, all forts around the lake were under British control. The United States did not take possession of forts on present-day American territory until the signing of the Jay Treaty in 1794. Permanent, non-military European settlement began during the American Revolution. As the easternmost and nearest lake to the Atlantic seaboard of Canada and the United States, population centres here are among the oldest in the Great Lakes basin, with Kingston, Ontario, formerly the capital of Canada, dating to the 1670s (Fort Frontenac). The lake became a hub of commercial activity following the War of 1812 with canal building on both sides of the border and heavy travel by lake steamers. Steamer activity peaked in the mid-19th century before competition from railway lines.

In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, a type of scow known as a stone hooker was in operation on the north-west shore, particularly around Port Credit and Bronte. Stonehooking was the practice of raking flat fragments of Dundas shale from the shallow lake floor of the area for use in construction, particularly in the growing city of Toronto.

Geologyedit

Lake Ontario bathymetric map. The deepest point is marked with «×».