Фламинго

Taxonomy and systematics

Traditionally, the long-legged Ciconiiformes, probably a paraphyletic assemblage, have been considered the flamingos’ closest relatives and the family was included in the order. Usually, the ibises and spoonbills of the Threskiornithidae were considered their closest relatives within this order. Earlier genetic studies, such as those of Charles Sibley and colleagues, also supported this relationship. Relationships to the waterfowl were considered as well, especially as flamingos are parasitized by feather lice of the genus Anaticola, which are otherwise exclusively found on ducks and geese. The peculiar presbyornithids were used to argue for a close relationship between flamingos, waterfowl, and waders. A 2002 paper concluded they are waterfowl, but a 2014 comprehensive study of bird orders found that flamingos and grebes are not waterfowl, but rather are part of Columbea along with doves, sandgrouse, and mesites.

Relationship with grebes

Many molecular and morphological studies support a relationship between grebes and flamingos.

Recent molecular studies have suggested a relation with grebes, while morphological evidence also strongly supports a relationship between flamingos and grebes. They hold at least 11 morphological traits in common, which are not found in other birds. Many of these characteristics have been previously identified on flamingos, but not on grebes. The fossil palaelodids can be considered evolutionarily, and ecologically, intermediate between flamingos and grebes.

For the grebe-flamingo clade, the taxon Mirandornithes («miraculous birds» due to their extreme divergence and apomorphies) has been proposed. Alternatively, they could be placed in one order, with Phoenocopteriformes taking priority.

Phylogeny

Living flamingos:

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Phoenicopterus

Phoenicopterus chilensis (Chilean flamingo)

Phoenicopterus roseus (Greater flamingo)

Phoenicopterus ruber (American flamingo)

Phoenicoparrus minor (Lesser flamingo)

Phoenicoparrus andinus (Andean flamingo)

Phoenicoparrus jamesi (James’s flamingo)

Species

Six extant flamingo species are recognized by most sources, and were formerly placed in one genus (have common characteristics) – Phoenicopterus. As a result of a 2014 publication, the family was reclassified into two genera.

Image Species Geographic location
Greater flamingo(Phoenicopterus roseus) Old World Parts of Africa, S. Europe and S. and SW Asia (most widespread flamingo).
Lesser flamingo(Phoenicoparrus minor) Africa (e.g. Great Rift Valley) to NW India (most numerous flamingo).
Chilean flamingo(Phoenicopterus chilensis) New World Temperate S. South America.
James’s flamingo(Phoenicoparrus jamesi) High Andes in Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina.
Andean flamingo(Phoenicoparrus andinus) High Andes in Peru, Chile, Bolivia and Argentina.
American flamingo(Phoenicopterus ruber) Caribbean islands, Caribbean Mexico, southern Florida,Belize, coastal Colombia, northern Brazil, Venezuela and Galápagos Islands.

P. croizeti fossil

Prehistoric species of flamingo:[citation needed]

  • Phoenicopterus floridanus Brodkorb 1953 (Early Pliocene of Florida)
  • Phoenicopterus stocki (Miller 1944) (Middle Pliocene of Rincón, Mexico)
  • Phoenicopterus siamensis Cheneval et al. 1991
  • Phoenicopterus gracilis Miller 1963 (Early Pleistocene of Lake Kanunka, Australia)
  • Phoenicopterus copei (Late Pleistocene of W North America and C. Mexico)
  • Phoenicopterus minutus (Late Pleistocene of California, US)
  • Phoenicopterus croizeti (Middle Oligocene – Middle Miocene of C. Europe)
  • Phoenicopterus aethiopicus
  • Phoenicopterus eyrensis (Late Oligocene of South Australia)
  • Phoenicopterus novaehollandiae (Late Oligocene of South Australia)

References

  1. Both forms of the plural are attested, according to the Oxford English Dictionary
  2. ^
  3. ^ Ogilvie, Malcolm; Carol Ogilvie (1986). Flamingos. Gloucester, UK: Alan Sutton Publishing Limited. ISBN . OCLC .
  4. ^ Studer-Thiersch, A. (1975). «Basle Zoo», pp. 121–130 in N. Duplaix-Hall and J. Kear, editors. Flamingos. Berkhamsted, United Kingdom: T. & A. D. Poyser, ISBN 140813750X.
  5. Studer-Thiersch, A. (2000). «What 19 Years of Observation on Captive Great Flamingos Suggests about Adaptations to Breeding under Irregular Conditions.» Waterbirds: The International Journal of Waterbird Biology 23 (Special Publication I: Conservation Biology of Flamingos): 150–159.
  6. Johnson, Alan; Cézilly, Frank (1975). The Greater Flamingo. London: T & AD Poyser Ltd. pp. 124–130. ISBN 978-1-4081-3866-3.
  7. Bagemihl, Bruce (1999). Biological Exuberance: Animal Homosexuality and Natural Diversity. Stonewall Inn Editions. pp. 524–7. ISBN 978-0312253776.
  8. Benson, Elizabeth (1972) The Mochica: A Culture of Peru. New York, NY: Praeger Press.
  9. Berrin, Katherine; Larco Museum (1997). The Spirit of Ancient Peru:Treasures from the Museo Arqueológico Rafael Larco Herrera. New York: Thames and Hudson. ISBN 978-0500018026.

History

Flamingo Land Resort was established in 1959 when a cinema entrepreneur, Edwin Pentland Hick, sold his cinema chain and used the funds to purchase a bankrupt country club to use the land for a zoo. The site, which occupied nine acres, was initially called The Yorkshire Zoological Gardens. A colony of flamingos were among the first animals to be housed on site.

In 1963, the gardens became home to the UK’s first captive bottlenose dolphins — one of whom was given the name Sooty after the children’s TV puppet. During the 1960s a small funfair began to be held on the site. In 1965 the company was floated on the London Stock Exchange as Associated Pleasure Parks and, in 1968, the park was renamed to Flamingo Park Zoo.

In 1968, the park purchased a killer whale from an aquarium within Seattle. Flamingo Park became the first within the UK to house a killer whale, whom lived alongside the bottlenose dolphins. soon became aggressive towards both the dolphins he lived with and the trainers he worked with and was sold to Dudley Zoo in 1971.

In the 1970s, amusement rides had become a permanent fixture of the park along with the zoo, becoming the first site in Europe to combine the attractions in one location.[citation needed]

The park was losing money by 1974 and underwent a major revamp when it was renamed Flamingo Land. More emphasis was placed on the «day out» experience — with fairground rides, a haunted castle, model railway and a jungle cruise raft ride on the lake. Despite a more professional marketing approach which saw regular guest appearances by celebrities and stars of the day (including the racehorse Red Rum), Flamingo Land continued to lose money.

The owners, Scotia Leisure Ltd., sold the site in 1978 to Robert Gibb — himself a former director at Scotia leisure. He put a team in place to develop the complex as a national, rather than local, tourist attraction, including investing in amusement rides. Many staff were made redundant with most re-engaged on seasonal contracts.

In 1995 Robert Gibb died in a car accident and his son Gordon Gibb, only 18 at the time, and his two sisters, Vicky and Melanie, took over the running of the park.

Animals

General overview

Flamingo Land once[] claimed to be the largest animal holder of its kind[clarification needed] in Europe, housing over 1,000 animals. Flamingo Land houses animals, including camels, brazilian tapirs, zebras, Vicuñas, hippopotamus, giraffes, meerkats, baboons, chimpanzees, lions, rhinoceros, tigers, sea lions, parrots, and peafowl.
The park takes part in breeding programmes an example of which is the Mangabeys featured in the 2006 series of ITV1 show ‘Theme Park’.
In June 2010, Flamingoland started work on a new penguin enclosure, the first stages of which were completed in August 2010.

Affiliations

Flamingo Land is a member of the British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums (BIAZA) and the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA), and has connections to other parks in the country:

  • One of the older Flamingo Land elephants, Jangoli, went on to give birth to calves at Chester Zoo.
  • The park’s male lion, lioness and her cubs were originally located at Longleat Safari Park before moving to Flamingo Land to start a new pride.
  • Chessington World of Adventures was also once the home of one of the park’s sea lions, Clive.
  • In 2017, Flamingo Land took custody of a new black rhino as part of a European breeding project, named ‘Baringo’.
  • In 2019 The Cheetahs are coming to Flamingo Land to start the European Breeding Programme.

African Animals

The park’s emphasis is on their collection of African animals, housed in the Lost Kingdom and African Plains. The Lost River Ride was designed to give a safari experience before its final drop, and meanders through Savannah-style grasslands with giraffe, ostrich, zebra, antelope, hippopotamus, rhinoceros, tiger and lion. The Forgotten City Lion Reserve is also located in the middle of the ride.

Description

Flamingos usually stand on one leg while the other is tucked beneath their bodies. The reason for this behaviour is not fully understood. One theory is that standing on one leg allows the birds to conserve more body heat, given that they spend a significant amount of time wading in cold water. However, the behaviour also takes place in warm water and is also observed in birds that do not typically stand in water. An alternative theory is that standing on one leg reduces the energy expenditure for producing muscular effort to stand and balance on one leg. A study on cadavers showed that the one-legged pose could be held without any muscle activity, while living flamingos demonstrate substantially less body sway in a one-legged posture. As well as standing in the water, flamingos may stamp their webbed feet in the mud to stir up food from the bottom.

Flamingos are capable flyers, and flamingos in captivity often require wing clipping to prevent escape. A pair of African flamingos which had not yet had their wings clipped escaped from the Wichita, Kansas zoo in 2005. One was spotted in Texas 14 years later. It had been seen previously by birders in Texas, Wisconsin and Louisiana.

Flamingos in flight at Rio Lagartos, Yucatán, Mexico

Young flamingos hatch with grayish-red plumage, but adults range from light pink to bright red due to aqueous bacteria and beta-carotene obtained from their food supply. A well-fed, healthy flamingo is more vibrantly colored, thus a more desirable mate; a white or pale flamingo, however, is usually unhealthy or malnourished. Captive flamingos are a notable exception; they may turn a pale pink if they are not fed carotene at levels comparable to the wild.

The greater flamingo is the tallest of the six different species of flamingos, standing at 3.9 to 4.7 feet (1.2 to 1.4 m) with a weight up to 7.7 pounds (3.5 kg), and the shortest flamingo species (the lesser) has a height of 2.6 feet (0.8 m) and weighs 5.5 pounds (2.5 kg). Flamingos can have a wingspan as small as 37 inches (94 cm) to as big as 59 inches (150 cm).

Flamingo Land in the media

Theme Park on ITV

Theme Park is an ITV docusoap shown in the Yorkshire and Tyne Tees Regions, following the behind the scenes activities of Flamingo Land. The first series was broadcast in 2001 and a prominent part of the show was the building of the new area The Little Monsters Den of Mischief.
The series in 2004 followed the development of the new water ride, The Lost River, which replaced the previous log flume, Klondike Creek.
2006 saw the third series of the popular ITV1 show, and followed the construction of the park’s new coaster, Kumali.

Zoo Vet

The park’s animal collection has also been a main feature of Zoo Vet at Large, which follows vet Matt Brash, both at his North Yorkshire surgeries and in his role as head vet at Flamingo Land. There have been multiple series which aired on ITV1 and are often repeated on the digital channel Sky Real Lives.

ChuckleVision

In an episode of ChuckleVision called «Romany Days», The Chuckle Brothers visit Flamingo Land in search of a pair of underpants which they believe to be of great value. The coaster they predominantly ride during the episode appears to be the Crazy Loop.

ITV Weather Sponsorship

Flamingo Land took up the sponsorship of ITV Yorkshire weather in June 2007 and ITV Tyne Tees weather in July 2007. The campaign ran until the end of the season. This sponsorship was renewed with both ITV regions in March 2008 at the start of the new season.

Talk Flamingo

Talk Flamingo was a long-running, discussion-based website about the park with news, construction, history, pictures, reviews and multimedia. The site closed at the end of the park’s 2009 season.

Udzungwa Forest Project (UFP)

Flamingo Land’s wildlife management initiative operates in the villages closest to the Magombera forest with the aim to maintain tropical rainforest in Eastern Tanzania. The purpose of the project is to provide villagers with a long-term fuel alternative through education and research, therefore reducing firewood collection within the forest, and thus the pressures placed upon the local environment.

(Hull City A.F.C.) & (Middlesbrough’s)

It was announced that Flamingo Land would be the new sponsors of the 2015-16 Championship season of football.

Flamingopics

A flamingo land resort fansite running from 2012 — current. It features over 2500+ photos 50 videos and plenty of information.

Controversy

In 2012, park owner Gordon Gibb appeared in court charged with the assault of a ticket seller outside the entrance of the park.

In 2014, a family lost their legal battle with Flamingo Land and nearly lost their home due to legal costs. A dispute arose after the park refused to allow the family
to sit outside a restaurant to eat. Three of the four family members have disabilities and they wished to eat outside because their daughter, Melissa, has downs syndrome and autism and thus struggles with crowded situations. Flamingo Land insisted they ate inside on health and safety grounds.

On 22 May 2015, a teenage girl was injured and had to be taken to hospital when a footrail fell from a car of the Hero roller coaster and cut her on the head. Another person was treated at the scene. The Health and Safety Executive (HSE) launched an investigation into the incident. Hero reopened in early June.

Саундтреки

Из фильма В центре вниманияИз фильма Ван ХельсингИз сериала Дневники ВампираИз фильма Скауты против зомбииз фильмов ‘Миссия невыполнима’Из фильма Голодные игры: Сойка-пересмешница. Часть 2OST ‘Свет в океане’OST «Большой и добрый великан»из фильма ‘Новогодний корпоратив’из фильма ‘Список Шиндлера’ OST ‘Перевозчик’Из фильма Книга джунглейиз сериала ‘Метод’Из фильма ТелохранительИз сериала Изменыиз фильма Мистериум. Тьма в бутылкеиз фильма ‘Пассажиры’из фильма ТишинаИз сериала Кухня. 6 сезониз фильма ‘Расплата’ Из фильма Человек-муравейиз фильма ПриглашениеИз фильма Бегущий в лабиринте 2из фильма ‘Молот’из фильма ‘Инкарнация’Из фильма Савва. Сердце воинаИз сериала Легко ли быть молодымиз сериала ‘Ольга’Из сериала Хроники ШаннарыИз фильма Самый лучший деньИз фильма Соседи. На тропе войныМузыка из сериала «Остров»Из фильма ЙоганутыеИз фильма ПреступникИз сериала СверхестественноеИз сериала Сладкая жизньИз фильма Голограмма для короляИз фильма Первый мститель: ПротивостояниеИз фильма КостиИз фильма Любовь не по размеруOST ‘Глубоководный горизонт’Из фильма Перепискаиз фильма ‘Призрачная красота’Место встречи изменить нельзяOST «Гений»из фильма ‘Красотка’Из фильма Алиса в ЗазеркальеИз фильма 1+1 (Неприкасаемые)Из фильма До встречи с тобойиз фильма ‘Скрытые фигуры’из фильма Призывиз сериала ‘Мир Дикого Запада’из игр серии ‘Bioshock’ Музыка из аниме «Темный дворецкий»из фильма ‘Американская пастораль’Из фильма Тарзан. ЛегендаИз фильма Красавица и чудовище ‘Искусственный интеллект. Доступ неограничен»Люди в черном 3’из фильма ‘Планетариум’Из фильма ПрогулкаИз сериала ЧужестранкаИз сериала Элементарноиз сериала ‘Обратная сторона Луны’Из фильма ВаркрафтИз фильма Громче, чем бомбыиз мультфильма ‘Зверопой’Из фильма БруклинИз фильма Игра на понижениеИз фильма Зачарованнаяиз фильма РазрушениеOST «Полный расколбас»OST «Свободный штат Джонса»OST И гаснет светИз сериала СолдатыИз сериала Крыша мираИз фильма Неоновый демонИз фильма Москва никогда не спитИз фильма Джейн берет ружьеИз фильма Стражи галактикииз фильма ‘Sos, дед мороз или все сбудется’OST ‘Дом странных детей Мисс Перегрин’Из игры Contact WarsИз Фильма АмелиИз фильма Иллюзия обмана 2OST Ледниковый период 5: Столкновение неизбежноИз фильма Из тьмыИз фильма Колония Дигнидадиз фильма ‘Страна чудес’Музыка из сериала ‘Цвет черёмухи’Из фильма Образцовый самец 2из фильмов про Гарри Поттера Из фильма Дивергент, глава 3: За стеной из мультфильма ‘Монстр в Париже’из мультфильма ‘Аисты’Из фильма КоробкаИз фильма СомнияИз сериала Ходячие мертвецыИз фильма ВыборИз сериала Королек — птичка певчаяДень независимости 2: ВозрождениеИз сериала Великолепный векиз фильма ‘Полтора шпиона’из фильма Светская жизньИз сериала Острые козырьки

Past rides and attractions

# Name Opened Closed Description
1 Magnum Force 2000 2005 A Triple Loop Coaster built by Anton Schwarzkopf that originally toured German funfairs as Dreier Looping & Sunway Lagoon, Malaysia. Now located at La Feria Chapultepec Magico, Mexico City under the name Montaña Infinitum.
2 1991 2005 A shuttle loop style coaster designed by Schwarzkopf. Originally known as Wiener Looping and previously operated in Austria, Florida, and on the German travelling funfair circuit before arriving at Flamingo Land. The ride was sold in 2012 to Selva Magica in Mexico, and opened in December 2013.
3 Corkscrew 1983 2011 A Vekoma corkscrew roller coaster that was one of the first rides to arrive at Flamingo Land, originally from Spanish City, Whitley Bay (1983 to 1989). The ride was dismantled in January 2012 and was relocated to Luna Park Cap d’Agde in France.
4 Thunder Mountain 1991 2004 Enclosed within a rock themed structure to create a dark roller coaster. The track system was a Pinfari Z40.
38 Frank’s Exploratorium 2001 2017 Magic House to explore; height limit none / 1.07 m alone. Replaced by peter rabbit show
13 Sky Flyer 1993 2015 A Vekoma double inverted swinging ship style ride, formerly located in the Swoosh area. Relocated to Pleasure Island Theme Park.
5 Flying Trapeze 1998 2001 The four man bob coaster was built by Zierer, was previously operated in Trentham, Alton Towers, Pleasure Island before arriving in Flamingo Land and is now in Loudoun Castle where it has been closed since 2010.
6 Crazy Loop 1986 1995 A coaster was built by Pinfari was relocated to former sister park Pleasure Island. It has been operating as Shockwave in Brean Leisure Park since 2003.
7 Wild Mouse 1997 2012 A Maurer Söhne Wilde Maus Classic roller coaster. Removed in 2012 to make way for the new flying coaster, Hero, and now operates in Pleasurewood Hills under the name of Marble Madness.
8 Top Gun 1996 2004 Unique attraction where riders sat inside two-seater plane themed cars that spun around the centre tower while moving toward the top. The riders could choose to turn their cars up-side down during the ride. It was built by Intamin and based on the film of the same name. Relocated from Kings Island, USA.
9 Klondike Creek 1980s 2003 Triple drop log flume with a mine theme, believed to have been extended with sections of the removed Drayton Manor log flume in 1999. It was removed when the Lost River was built.
10 Waikiki Wave/Tidal Wave 1993 2008 Vekoma Waikiki Wave ride, removed to make way for Mumbo Jumbo.
11 Terroriser/Circulator 1995 2007 A Fabbri Group evolution ride, moved to Pleasure Island in 2007.
12 Enterprise c.’84-’86 1994 A HUSS Park Attractions Enterprise (ride). Previously operated at Blackpool Pleasure Beach from 1979.
13 Junior Driving School 1999 2012 A ride in which kids could drive electric buses.
14 Circus World 1990 2000 A circus show which featured acrobats and animals.
15 Dolphin Show 2001
16 Log Flume 1998 An original water ride.
17 Dive Booster A spinning thrill ride
18 Waltzer 1991 2006 An A.R.M. waltzer ride.
19 Zig Zag 1994 2006 A P.W.S. twist ride.
20 Formula Car A go karts ride.
21 Cine 180 A cinema.
22 Flying Carpet 1991 1992 A Weber 1001 Nacht. Later operated at Pleasure Island Family Theme Park from 1993 to 2001.
23 Ferris wheel
24 High Flying Jets 1982 2003 Lang Wheels manufactured ‘vampire’ jets. Previously located at Peter Pan’s Playground, Brighton.
25 Century 2000 1980s 1995 A Bakker Denies ramba zamba ride. Currently operates at Pleasure Island Family Theme Park.
26 Razzle Dazzle 1986 1993 An A.R.M. satellite/trabant ride. Currently operates at Pleasure Island Family Theme Park.
27 Sherlock Showtime 1996 2000
28 Clown Slide 1990 A Modern Products astroglide slide.
29 Dead Man’s Drop A near-vertical steep slide that was located in the current Exploratorium.
30 Rock A-fire Explosion Animatronic robot band entertainment show.
31 Gravitron 1994 1994 An A.R.M. manufactured rotor ride.
32 Flamingo Star 1995 2004 A HUSS Park Attractions Tri-Star. Operated at Alton Towers from 1991 to 1992. Moved to Pleasure Island.
33 Octopus 1987 1994 A Robles Bouso polyp ride. Previously operated at Coney Beach Pleasure Park. Moved to Pleasure Island in 1995.
34 UFO 1995 2004 A HUSS Park Attractions UFO. Was sold to showman John Wesseldine.
35 Rock Slide 2013 An Ivan Bennett astroglide slide. Last located at Seaside Adventure beside the Cliff Hanger.
36 Professor Bubble’s Seaside Adventure 2016 Removed to make way for Daytona Bridge go karting track.

Подборки

Армейские ПесниКлассика пианиноМузыка из рекламыДетские песни из мультфильмовМузыка для аэробикиСборник песен 70х годовДля любимого человекаКлассика в современной обработкеКлубные миксы русских исполнителей3D ЗвукДальнобойщикиЗарубежный рэп для машиныТоповые Клубные ТрекиМощные БасыДискотека 2000Песни про папуХристианские ПесниЗимняя МузыкаМузыка Для МедитацииРусские Хиты 90ХГрустная МузыкаRomantic SaxophoneТанцевальный хип-хопНовогодние песниЗарубежные хиты 80 — 90Песни про покемонаРомантическая МузыкаМотивация для тренировокМузыка для сексаМузыка в машинуДля силовых тренировокПремия «Grammy 2017»

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